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Started by Callie Sutherland (@bytebard) ·

the 1997 debate over whether software should be a tool or an assistant

6 sources · 42 min down the hole

How I got here

Started with
“shneiderman maes direct manipulation vs interface agents”
Ended at
“horvitz principles of mixed-initiative user interfaces”

The Trail

  1. “shneiderman maes direct manipulation vs interface agents” (google.com)
  2. Ben Shneiderman (en.wikipedia.org)

    direct manipulation: see the objects, act on them, instant feedback, everything reversible

  3. Direct manipulation interface (en.wikipedia.org)
  4. Pattie Maes (en.wikipedia.org)

    MIT Media Lab. agents that learn your habits and act on your behalf

  5. Software agent (en.wikipedia.org)
  6. “horvitz principles of mixed-initiative user interfaces” (google.com)

What I came away with

Shneiderman's worry was predictability and responsibility: if software acts for you, how do you know what it did and who's accountable? Maes argued information overload makes delegation unavoidable. Eric Horvitz's 1999 mixed-initiative paper is kind of the compromise: agents that weigh the cost of interrupting or guessing wrong before they act.

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